Resumen La distribución de los recursos utilizados por las aves direcciona procesos ecológicos como la selección del hábitat. El objetivo del presente estudio fue comparar durante dos inviernos consecutivos, la selección del hábitat de gorriones de pastizal y evaluar la influencia de la precipitación anual y la biomasa de semillas disponible en el suelo. Durante dos inviernos colectamos semillas del suelo en 45 sitios usados por el gorrión de Baird (Centronyx bairdii) y el gorrión chapulín (Ammodramus savannarum) y en lugares aleatorios (n= 45) sin aves registradas. Determinamos los sitios de uso mediante la captura de aves a las que les colocamos un transmisor y dimos seguimiento mediante telemetría. Los sitios utilizados por los gorriones tuvieron una biomasa de semillas significativamente mayor que los sitios aleatorios, y fue similar entre especies. Por lo que el recurso alimenticio juega un papel importante en la selección del hábitat invernal de los gorriones. Además, encontramos una correlación positiva entre la precipitación anual y la biomasa de semillas, lo que resulta importante ante un escenario de cambio climático, por la influencia que encontramos en las aves para seleccionar sitios de invernada con mayor biomasa de semillas en años de menor cantidad de lluvia. Nuestros resultados amplían la información disponible sobre la selección del hábitat invernal de C. bairdii y A. savannarum en México.

Abstract The distribution of resources used by birds directs ecological processes, such as habitat selection. The aim of the present study was to compare in two consecutive winters the habitat selection of grassland sparrows, and to evaluate the influence of annual precipitation and available ground seed biomass. Over two winters we collected seeds from the ground at 45 sites used by Baird’s Sparrow (Centronyx bairdii) and Grasshopper Sparrow (Ammodramus savannarum) and at random sites (n = 45) where no birds were registered. We determined used sites by radio-tracking captured birds fitted with a transmitter. Sites used by sparrows had significantly higher seed biomass than random sites, and this was similar between species. Therefore, the food resource plays an important role in the selection of the winter habitat of the sparrows. In addition, we found a positive correlation between annual precipitation and seed biomass, which is important in a climate change scenario, due to the influence we found on the birds to select wintering sites with higher seed biomass in years with less rainfall. Our results expand the available information on the winter habitat selection of C. bairdii and A. savannarum in Mexico.

Resumen El parasitismo sanguíneo en aves de México es un fenómeno poco estudiado y su presencia en muchas especies de aves es desconocida. En este estudio, se compararon la prevalencia y parasitemia de hemosporidios en la época reproductiva (húmeda) y no reproductiva (seca) de las palomas turcas (Streptopelia decaocto) y huilotas (Zenaida macroura) del norte de México. Se analizó la sangre de 40 aves de cada especie, colectadas entre 2013 y 2014. El diagnóstico de hemoparásitos se realizó mediante técnicas de microscopía y reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR). La prevalencia de hemoparásitos fue de 87.5 % (IC 95%=78.3-93.3). La parasitemia promedio fue de 7.03 (IC 95 %= 5.68-9.04) hemoparásitos por cada 10,000 eritrocitos infectados. La prevalencia y parasitemia fueron mayores para Haemoproteus sp. que en Plasmodium sp y microfilarias. Las tasas de prevalencia no variaron entre especies de aves, ni entre épocas del año. No obstante, la estacionalidad parece ser un factor importante en la parasitemia. La especie que obtuvo mayores tasas de parasitemia fue Z. macoura. Se necesitan más estudios para comprender los mecanismos que asocian la parasitemia de esta especie con respecto a otras especies de columbiformes.

Abstract Blood parasitism in Mexican birds is an impoverished-studied phenomenon, and its presence in many species of birds is unknown. In this study, the prevalence and parasitaemia of hemosporidia were compared in the breeding (wet) and non-breeding (dry) seasons in the Eurasian collared doves (Streptopelia decaocto) and Mourning ones (Zenaida macroura) in northern Mexico. The blood of 40 birds of each species collected between 2013 and 2014, was analyzed. The diagnosis of hemoparasites was made by microscopy and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) techniques. The prevalence of hemoparasites was 87.5% (CI 95% = 78.3-93.3). The mean parasitaemia was 7.03 (CI 95% = 5.68- 9.04) hemoparasites per 10,000 infected erythrocytes. The prevalence and parasitaemia were higher for Haemoproteus sp. than for Plasmodium sp and microfilariae. The prevalence rates did not vary between bird species, nor between times of the year. However, seasonality seems to be an important factor in parasitaemia. The species that obtained the highest rates of parasitaemia was Z. macoura. More studies are needed to understand the mechanisms that associate parasitaemia in this species with respect to other columbiform species.

Resumen La transición a la vida adulta de los menores extranjeros no-acompañados- y, por ende, el papel de los servicios sociales especializados en la atención a esa etapa tan importante para quienes recibirán el nombre de ex-MENAs en la jerga institucional- constituye una de las etapas menos atendidas por las investigaciones académicas. Este artículo trata de identificar los retos y dificultades que los servicios sociales especializados enfrentan en la atención a esas personas al finalizar su acogida como menores de edad. Presentaremos los resultados de un estudio exploratorio cualitativo cuyo trabajo de campo reveló una serie de dificultades que puede presentarse en tres categorías (institucionales, contextuales y legales). Todas ellas revelan la necesidad de dotar a los llamados “programas de emancipación” con una organización estable, estandarizada y adecuadamente dotada de recursos económicos y técnicos. En el plano metodológico, los enfoques basados en el tejido comunitario aparecen como referencia óptima. En tercer lugar, otra necesidad confirmada en el estudio es la definición de rutas de transición planificadas, con apoyos jurídicos (permiso de residencia) y sociales, oportunidades educativas y de empleo.

Abstract The transition to adult life of unaccompanied foreign minors - and, therefore, the role of specialized social services in attending to this very important stage in the lives of so-called ex-MENAs, in Spanish institutional jargon - constitutes one of the stages least attended by academic researchers. This paper tries to point out the challenges and obstacles that specialized social services face in caring for unaccompanied young people at the end of foster care. We will present the results of a qualitative exploratory study. Main issues detected in the field work can be grouped into three categories (institutional, contextual and legal) and all of them show the need to equip the so-called “emancipation programs” with stable and standardized organization, along with adequate economic and technical resources. Secondly, approaches based on the social fabric at the community level appear as the optimal reference. A third condition that our study came to confirm is the definition of planned transition routes, involving legal (residence permit) and social support (educational and employment opportunities).

RESUMEN El bitcóin es una tecnología originada en el año 2009 que pretende implementar un sistema de pagos descentralizado entre personas. El presente trabajo se realiza con el fin de dar a conocer dicha tecnología, la cual denota importancia debido a las funcionalidades y oportunidades que ofrece para todo tipo de individuos, desde aquellos que buscan un refugio de valor para su patrimonio, hasta los que desean invertir su dinero o simplemente entender su funcionamiento y utilizarla en el día a día. Este escrito expone los orígenes del bitcóin, así como sus principales características y funcionamiento. Además, analiza sus ventajas y desventajas desde un punto de vista práctico y hace un énfasis especial en la regulación jurídica existente alrededor de las criptomonedas en Colombia y Ecuador. A través de una metodología descriptiva y utilizando herramientas cualitativas y cuantitativas, se logró determinar un crecimiento progresivo del bitcóin durante los últimos años, no solo en términos de valor, sino también de adopción y de seguridad. Por este motivo, tanto Colombia como Ecuador deben adaptar sus regulaciones jurídicas, con el fin de estar a la altura de la era digital en la que nos encontramos y aprovechar con ello los beneficios de este fenómeno en lugar de impedir su desarrollo.

ABSTRACT Bitcoin is a technology originated in 2009 that aims to implement a decentralized payment system between people. The present work is carried out in order to publicize this technology, which denotes importance due to the functionalities and opportunities it offers for all types of individuals, from those who seek a refuge of value for their assets, to those who wish to invest your money or simply understand how it works and use it on a day-to-day basis. This writing exposes the origins of Bitcoin, as well as its main characteristics and operation. In addition, it analyzes its advantages and disadvantages from a practical point of view and places special emphasis on the existing legal regulation around cryptocurrencies in Colombia and Ecuador. Through a descriptive methodology and using qualitative and quantitative tools, it was possible to determine a progressive growth of Bitcoin in recent years, not only in terms of value, but also of adoption and security. For this reason, both Colombia and Ecuador must adapt their legal regulations, in order to live up to the digital age in which we find ourselves and thereby take advantage of the benefits of this phenomenon instead of preventing its development.

ABSTRACT In order to establish nitrogen fertilization levels that promote yield increases and protein content compatible with the wheat quality standard, 18 experiments were carried out in the semi-arid area of the southwest of the Buenos Aires province between 2016 and 2019. At tillering five nitrogen (N) levels were applied: Control (mineral N in the 0-0.6 m soil layer, Ns), 100, 120, 140 and 160 kg N ha-1 determined as Ns + N of the fertilizer applied as broadcast urea up to the proposed level. At anthesis foliar fertilizer (20 kg N ha-1) was applied in half of each plot. N levels of 100 and 120N were enough to increase yields, but they only achieved protein standard with high soil fertility or with yield less than 2000 kg ha-1. In soils of medium fertility, levels of 140N were required to obtain yields greater than 3,500 kg ha-1 and comply with the standard. When some environmental effect depressed grain production, the standard was achieved without fertilization or with lower N levels. On average over N levels at tillering, fertilization at anthesis showed increases in protein content of 0.8 points but did not affect yield. At equal contribution of N, the division of the dose between tillering and anthesis did not affect grain protein content. This makes it possible to decide the last fertilization based on the state of the crop, the expected yield and shorter-term environmental forecasts.

RESUMEN Con el objetivo de establecer niveles de fertilización nitrogenada que compatibilicen incrementos de rendimiento y contenido proteico dentro del estándar de calidad de trigo, se realizaron 18 experimentos en la zona semiárida del sudoeste de la provincia de Buenos Aires entre 2016 y 2019. En macollaje se aplicaron cinco niveles de nitrógeno (N): Testigo (N mineral en la capa 0-0,6 m de suelo, Ns), 100, 120, 140 y 160 kg N ha-1 determinados como Ns + N del fertilizante aplicado como urea al voleo hasta el nivel propuesto. En floración se aplicaron 20 kg N ha-1 en forma foliar en la mitad de cada parcela. En general 100 y 120N fueron suficientes para incrementar los rendimientos, pero sólo lograron el estándar de proteína con fertilidad elevada del suelo o con rendimientos menores a 2000 kg ha-1. En suelos de fertilidad media se requirieron niveles de 140N para obtener rendimientos mayores a 3500 kg ha-1 y cumplir con el estándar. Cuando algún efecto ambiental deprimió la producción de grano se logró el estándar sin fertilización o con menores niveles de N. En promedio sobre los niveles de N al macollaje la fertilización en antesis mostró incrementos del contenido de proteína de 0,8 puntos pero no afectó el rendimiento. A igual aporte de N, el fraccionamiento de la dosis entre macollaje y antesis no afectó el contenido de proteína. Esto permite decidir la última fertilización en función del estado del cultivo, el rendimiento esperado y pronósticos ambientales de menor plazo.

RESUMO A biologia reprodutiva de espécies de tubarão debulhador do Pacífico Equador foi analisada com base em 1236 exemplares de Alopias pelagicus (711 fêmeas e 525 machos) e 354 de A. superciliosus (164 fêmeas e 190 machos) desembarcados em “Playita Mía”, entre janeiro e dezembro de 2019. O comprimento das fêmeas de A. pelagicus variou entre 67,2 e 184 cm PCL (comprimento pré-corte) e os machos entre 69,0 e 178,4 cm PCL, A. superciliosus registrou um tamanho mínimo e máximo de 76,0 e 202,2 cm PCL para as fêmeas e 94,0 e 204,8 cm PCL para machos. A classe de tamanho mais frequentemente capturada para A. pelagicus foi 147,2−157,2 cm PCL e para A. superciliosus foi 156,0-166,0 cm PCL. A proporção sexual (F:M) para A. pelagicus e A. superciliosus foi de 1,35F:1M e 0,86F:1M, respectivamente. Para machos de A. pelagicus, o ponto de inflexão do ajuste do comprimento do grampo foi de 134,2 cm PCL e o tamanho na primeira maturidade sexual (L 50 ) foi estimado em 136,0 cm PCL. Para machos de A. superciliosus o ponto de inflexão do ajuste do comprimento do grampo foi de 136,8 cm PCL, e a primeira maturidade sexual (L 50 ) foi estimada em 138,7 cm PCL.

ABSTRACT The reproductive biology of thresher shark species of the Ecuadorian Pacific was analysed based on 1236 specimens of Alopias pelagicus (711 females and 525 males) and 354 of A. superciliosus (164 females and 190 males) landed in “Playita Mía”, from January to December of 2019. The length of A. pelagicus females ranged between 67.2 and 184 cm PCL (precaudal length) and the males between 69.0 and 178.4 cm PCL, A. superciliosus registered a minimum and maximum size of 76.0 and 202.2 cm PCL for females and 94.0 and 204.8 cm PCL for males. The most frequently captured size class for A. pelagicus was 147.2−157.2 cm PCL and for A. superciliosus was 156.0-166.0 cm PCL. The sex ratio (F:M) for A. pelagicus and A. superciliosus was 1.35F:1M and 0.86F:1M respectively. For A. pelagicus males the inflection point of the clasper length adjustment, was 134.2 cm PCL and size at first sexual maturity (L 50 ) was estimated at 136.0 cm PCL. For A. superciliosus males the inflection point of the clasper length adjustment, was 136.8 cm PCL, and the first sexual maturity (L 50 ) was estimated at 138.7 cm PCL.

Resumen Introducción: las infecciones causadas por Enterococcus resistente a Vancomicina (EVR) presentan mayor mortalidad en pacientes críticos, asociado a un aumento gradual en este patrón de resistencia, especialmente en el continente americano, por lo cual la adecuada terapia antimicrobiana empírica es fundamental para mejorar los desenlaces. Objetivo: determinar los factores de riesgo asociados al desarrollo de infección por EVR en pacientes sépticos en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) del Hospital San José en Bogotá, Colombia. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo de casos y controles en pacientes sépticos ingresados a la UCI durante 2016 y 2017. Los casos se definieron como pacientes con infección por EVR y los controles los pacientes con infección por otro germen. Resultados: se incluyeron 32 pacientes con aislamiento de EVR y 96 controles. Los factores de riesgo asociados a infección por EVR fueron: nutrición parenteral (OR 15,7 IC 4,2-71,4), lavado peritoneal (OR 8,9 IC 3,2-24,8), cultivo polimicrobiano (OR 19,9 IC 6,0-83,4). La mortalidad fue 56,2% en casos y 33,3% en controles. Conclusiones: Los factores de riesgo hallados con mayor frecuencia fueron: múltiples lavados peritoneales, nutrición parenteral y cultivos polimicrobianos. Encontramos una correlación significativa en el uso de antibiótico empírico adecuado y la reducción en la mortalidad.

Summary Introduction: infections caused by Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) have higher mortality in critically ill patients, associated with increase in this pattern of resistance, especially in the Americas, which is why adequate empirical antimicrobial therapy is essential to improve outcomes Objective: to determine the risk factors associated with the development of infection by VRE in septic patients in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of San José Hospital in Bogotá, Colombia. Methods: Case-control study in septic patients admitted to the ICU during 2016 and 2017. The cases were defined as patients with VRE infection and the controls were patients with infection by another germ. Results: 32 patients with EVR isolation and 96 controls were included. The risk factors associated with infection by EVR were: parenteral nutrition (OR 15.7 IC 4.2-71.4), peritoneal lavage (OR 8.9 IC 3.2-24.8), polymicrobial culture (OR 19,9 IC 6.0-83.4). Mortality was 56.2% in cases and 33.3% in controls. Conclusions: The risk factors found most frequently were: multiple peritoneal lavage, parenteral nutrition and polymicrobial cultures. We found a significant correlation in the use of adequate empirical antibiotic and the reduction in mortality

RESUMO: O interesse pelo ácido chiquímico (SA) tem apresentado um forte incremento nos últimos anos devido à crescente demanda da indústria farmacêutica e cosmética. O SA é utilizado como um precursor para a síntese do fosfato de oseltamivir (Tamiflu®), um potente inibidor viral. Este ácido é extraído principalmente da planta Illicium verum Hook. A disponibilidade desta planta é um fator limitante para o crescimento do mercado no futuro próximo. Este artigo propõe Urochloa plantaginea (Link.) webster tratada com sub doses de glifosato, como uma fonte alternativa de SA. Plantas de U. plantaginea com 3 - 4 perfilhos e 4 a 6 folhas foram tratadas com subdoses de glifosato e coletadas aos 0, 3, 6, 9 e 12 dias após sua aplicação (DAT). As amostras foram secas, extraídas e analisadas por HPLC e confirmadas por LC-MS/MS. As concentrações máximas de SA foram observadas aos seis dias após aplicação do glifosato a 36 g.e.a.ha-1 em plantas de U. plantaginea com 4 - 6 folhas. A capacidade anual dessa gramínea para produzir níveis elevados de SA em toda a biomassa, pode ser uma fonte economicamente viável de SA.

ABSTRACT: Shikimic acid (SA) has witnessed a strong increase in recent years due to the increasing demand of the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry. The SA is used as a precursor for the synthesis of oseltamivir phosphate (Tamiflu®), a potent viral inhibitor and is extracted from the plant Illicium verum Hook which has a limited availability. This article proposed the use of Urochloa plantaginea (Link.) webster and glyphosate, as an alternative source of SA. U. plantaginea plants with 3 - 4 tillers and 4 - 6 leaves were harvest at 3, 6, 9 and 12 days after application (DAT) of low rates of glyphosate. Samples were dried, extracted, analyzed by HPLC and LC-MS/MS. The maximum SA concentrations were observed at 6 days after glyphosate at 36 g.a.e.ha-1 was applied in plants of U. plantaginea with 4 to 6 leaves. The capability of this annual gramineae to produce elevated SA levels throughout the entire biomass affords its potential for a greater yield on a per hectare basis.

Abstract Bird populations in North America and in particular, grassland populations, are declining. We estimated winter density in three grassland focal species: Centronyx bairdii (BAIS), Ammodramus savannarum (GRSP) and Anthus spragueii (SPPI) and its relationship with vegetation cover between 2009 and 2011, in a grassland area of northwestern Mexico. The density averages calculated for BAIS, GRSP and SPPI were 50.8, 76.7 and 12.6 (birds / km2) respectively, are higher than previous estimations in most wintering areas in the Chihuahuan desert. The Kruskal-Wallis test shows that there are some differences in habitat use between the three species. Estimates of vegetation cover and height for each species showed some differences between years (2010 and 2011). Gregorius covariation values (C) indicate that the studied species have a significant correlation (P <0.025), with six variables of winter vegetation attributes (height and grass and grass cover, bare soil, and bush cover). The results found allow us to recognize that these birds require grassland areas in good condition, so it is necessary to establish conservation strategies that might help mitigate the alteration of the grasslands of the Chihuahuan desert.

Resumen Las poblaciones de aves de Norteamérica, y en particular las de pastizales, están disminuyendo. En un área de pastizales del noroeste de México, entre 2009 y 2011, estimamos la densidad invernal de tres especies de pastizal: Centronyx bairdii (BAIS), Ammodramus savannarum (GRSP) y Anthus spragueii (SPPI) y su relación con los atributos de la vegetación y cobertura de suelo. Los promedios de densidad calculados para BAIS, GRSP y SPPI fueron 50.8, 76.7 y 12.6 (aves/km2) respectivamente, estas densidades son mayores que las estimaciones en la mayoría de las áreas de invernada en el Desierto Chihuahuense. El test de Kruskal-Wallis, demuestra que existen algunas diferencias en el uso de hábitat entre las tres especies. Las estimaciones de la cobertura y altura de la vegetación para cada especie mostraron algunas diferencias entre años (2010, 2011). Los valores de covariación de Gregorius (C), muestran que las especies estudiadas tienen una correlación significativa (P <0.025) con seis variables de atributos de vegetación invernal (altura y cobertura de pasto y hierba, suelo desnudo, y cobertura de arbusto). Los resultados de este estudio permiten reconocer que las tres especies de aves estudiadas requieren áreas de pastizal en buena condición. Por ello, es necesario establecer estrategias de conservación que mitiguen la alteración de los pastizales del Desierto de Chihuahuense.

Abstract During the breeding season the Grasshopper Sparrow (Ammodramus savannarum) is widely distributed over the plains of North America. Consisting of four subspecies its populations are classified as resident, migratory and partially migratory. In Mexico and Central America, distribution of the taxon is poorly known, especially those populations that are breeding. There is only one breeding record for the grasslands of northern Mexico in the State of Zacatecas back to the mid-1950’s. During the summer breeding season of 2017, we documented the presence of six Grasshopper Sparrows in the grassland of northern Durango. With the aid of song playback two birds actively responded to the broadcasted song. The birds performed territorial displays which facilitated our locating a nest with four nestlings. This is the first summer record for the State of Durango at Cuchillas de la Zarca, 80 km south of Parral, Chihuahua City, a Grasslands Priority Conservation Area of North America.

Resumen El gorrión chapulín (Ammodramus savannarum) se distribuye ampliamente en las llanuras de América del Norte durante la temporada de reproducción, con poblaciones de cuatro subespecies clasificadas como residentes, migratorias y parcialmente migratorias. En México y América Central, la distribución del taxón especie es poco conocida, especialmente en lo que respecta a las poblaciones reproductoras. Sólo hay un registro de reproducción para las praderas del norte de México en el estado de Zacatecas desde mediados de la década de los cincuenta. Durante la temporada de reproducción de verano de 2017 registramos, con la ayuda de la atracción de vocalizaciones, seis individuos de gorrión chapulín en una pradera del norte de Durango, dos de los cuales respondieron activamente al llamado, las aves realizaron comportamiento territorial además del hallazgo de un nido activo con cuatro polluelos. Este es el primer registro reproductivo de verano para el estado de Durango en Cuchillas de la Zarca, 80 km al sur de la ciudad de Parral, Chihuahua, un área prioritaria de conservación de pastizales de América del Norte.

RESUMO A doença de Petri é grave, complexa e de difícil controle em videiras no mundo. O principal agente causal desta doença é o fungo Phaeomoniella chlamydospora. Este fungo ocorre também na planta daninha de vinhedo Convolvulus arvensis. No Brasil, este fungo foi encontrado somente em videiras. Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi efetuar um levantamento fitossociológico de plantas daninhas em uma área com diferentes cavalos de videiras, em um campo de produção de mudas, em uma área experimental com videira e em diferentes áreas com plantio comercial de videira e verificar quais espécies poderiam estar hospedando o fungo P. chlamydospora. Para o levantamento fitossociológico das plantas daninhas, lançava-se um quadrado ao acaso, por dez vezes, no local, contando, identificando e amostrando todas as espécies. Para verificar as espécies hospedeiras do fungo, realizou-se isolamento do tecido vascular das plantas em meios de cultura e extração de DNA do mesmo tecido vegetal seguido de PCR com primers específicos do fungo do gene do fator de elongação (Pchlamy-EF-F 5’-CTCATTATCACATTTTGCTGC-3’ e Pchlamy-EF-R 5’-GAGAACAGTCAGTGATGAGC-3’). Em todo o levantamento, foram detectadas 46 espécies de plantas daninhas em 17 famílias, destacando-se as famílias Asteraceae e Poaceae com o maior número de espécies cada. Não foi detectado de maneira convencional e nem molecularmente o fungo P. chlamydospora infectando plantas daninhas, ressaltando a ocorrência da doença de Petri apenas em videiras.

ABSTRACT Petri disease is serious, complex and difficult to control in vines worldwide. The main causal agent of this disease is the fungus Phaeomoniella chlamydospora. This fungus also occurs in the vineyard weed Convolvulus arvensis. In Brazil, this fungus was found only in grapevines. Thus, the aim of the present study was to carry out a phytosociological survey of weeds in an area with different vine rootstocks, as well as in a field of seedlings production, in an experimental area with vines and in different areas with commercial vineyards, besides verifying which weed species could be hosting the fungus P. chlamydospora. For the phytosociological survey of weeds, a square was randomly cast ten times at the site, followed by counting, identification and sampling of all species. To verify host species of the fungus, vascular tissue of plants was isolated in culture media and DNA extraction from the same plant tissue was carried out followed by PCR with specific primers of the fungus for the elongation factor gene (Pchlamy-EF-F 5’-CTCATTATCACATTTTGCTGC-3’ and Pchlamy-EF-R 5’-GAGAACAGTCAGTGATGAGC-3’). Considering all surveyed fields, 46 weed species were detected in 17 families, especially Asteraceae and Poaceae, which had the largest number of species. Using conventional or molecular methods, the fungus P. chlamydospora was not detected infecting weeds, which highlights that Petri disease occurs only in grapevines.

Abstract A partnership program of Embrapa and BASF resulted in the development of a new irrigated rice cultivar adapted to the Clearfield® production system in Rio Grande do Sul. The cultivar is tolerant to the imidazolinone herbicide kifix®. In field trials in Rio Grande do Sul it produced a mean yield of 8394 kg ha-1.

RESUMO O bolor verde é a principal doença de frutos cítricos pós-colheita. Produtos e processos alternativos para controle de doenças de plantas vêm sendo cada vez mais requeridos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a atividade antifúngica de óleos essenciais sobre Penicillium digitatum em laranjas, isoladamente ou em combinação com tratamento térmico. Para tanto, um isolado do fungo foi submetido, in vitro, a diferentes concentrações dos óleos de canela, capim-limão e palmarosa, em meio de cultura BDA, sendo avaliada também a atividade antifúngica dos compostos voláteis dos óleos. Além disso, foi realizado um estudo do efeito dos óleos sobre laranjas inoculadas, de modo curativo e protetivo. Laranjas foram inoculadas com 10 uL de suspensão de conídios (105 conídios mL-1), em dois períodos de incubação (4 h antes ou 24 h após os tratamentos). Os tratamentos com óleos essenciais por aspersão foram: testemunha, canela, capim-limão e palmarosa, a 0,5 e 1,0 g L-1, acrescidos de Tween20. Outro teste com óleo de canela, para verificar a melhor dose, foi realizado com 0,0; 0,12; 0,25; 0,5 e 1,0 g L-1 e um blend de canela (0,12 g L-1) e capim-limão (0,12 g L-1). O armazenamento foi a 25 °C e 80% de umidade relativa (UR) por até 6 dias. Posteriormente, efetuou-se um teste em laranjas inoculadas 4 h antes dos tratamentos: testemunha; canela (0,12 g L-1); termoterapia (60 °C por 20 s); termoterapia + óleo de canela; imazalil (1000 mg L-1). Armazenaram-se os frutos a 10 °C/85% UR por 6 dias mais 3 dias em condições ambiente. In vitro, o óleo de canela foi o mais fungitóxico para P. digitatum, inibindo totalmente o índice de crescimento micelial em concentrações superiores a 0,5 g L-1 por contato e, reduzindo significativamente pelos seus constituintes voláteis. Sobre laranjas inoculadas, o óleo de canela foi mais efetivo como curativo e, capim-limão como protetivo. No teste screening, a dose de 0,12 g L-1 do óleo de canela mostrou melhor resultado frente às doses superiores e ao blend de canela mais capim-limão. A combinação termoterapia seguida de aspersão de óleo de canela reduziu significativamente o desenvolvimento do bolor verde (AACPD) nos frutos (40,5%), quando armazenados sob refrigeração; entretanto, o fungicida imazalil proporcionou um controle mais efetivo (97%) durante o armazenamento prolongado.

ABSTRACT Green mold is the primary postharvest disease of citrus fruits. Alternative products and processes for plant disease control have been increasingly required. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antifungal activity of essential oils on P. digitatum in oranges, alone or in combination with thermal treatment. Thus, an isolate of the fungus was subjected, in vitro, to different concentrations of oils of cinnamon, lemongrass and palmarose, in PDA culture medium; the antifungal activity of the volatile compounds of oils was also evaluated. Furthermore, a study was conducted to verify the effect of oils on inoculated oranges, in a protective and curative mode. Oranges were inoculated with 10 uL conidial suspension (105 conidia mL-1), two incubation periods (4 h before or 24 h after treatments). The treatments with essential oils that were sprayed were: control, cinnamon, lemongrass and palmarose, at 0.5 and 1.0 g L-1, plus Tween20. Another test with cinnamon oil, to determine the best dose, was conducted by using 0.0; 0.12; 0.25; 0.5 and 1.0 g L-1 and a blend of cinnamon (0.12 g L-1) and lemongrass (0.12 g L-1). Storage was at 25 °C and 80% relative humidity (RH) for up to 6 days. Subsequently, a test was conducted in oranges inoculated 4 h before treatments: control; cinamon (0.12 g L-1); thermotherapy (60 °C for 20 s); thermotherapy + cinnamon oil; and imazalil (1000 mg L-1). The fruits were stored at 10 °C/85% RH for 6 days plus 3 days at room conditions. In vitro, cinnamon oil was most fungitoxic for P. digitatum, totally inhibiting the mycelial growth index at concentrations higher than 0.5 g L-1 by contact and significantly reducing it by its volatile compounds. For inoculated oranges, cinnamon oil was more effective as curative and lemon grass as protective. In the screening test, the dose of 0.12 g L-1 cinnamon oil showed better result compared to higher doses and to the blend of cinnamon and lemon grass. The thermotherapy combination followed by spraying of cinnamon oil significantly reduced green mold development (AACPD) in fruits (40.5%) stored under refrigeration; however, the fungicide imazalil provided a more effective control (97%) during prolonged storage.

Abstract The Sierra Madre Sparrow (Xenospiza baileyi) is an endemic species of Mexico that is threatened with extinction. Its distribution is reported in two areas: One in the Transvolcanic Belt of central Mexico (La Cima) near Mexico City and the other in the Sierra Madre Occidental in northwestern Mexico (Ejido Ojo de Agua El Cazador) near the city of Durango, in the state of Durango. The habitat is the same in these two areas, and consists of sub-alpine grassland that is located in shallow valleys or shallows. In our case, "El Bajío la Cantera" of approximately 55 hectares, is mostly used in rainfed agriculture, protected from livestock grazing with wire fences, which in turn represents protection for remnants of grassland where they are the birds. “El Bajío la Cantera" belongs to Ejido 12 de Mayo, Municipality of San Dimas, Durango, where 28 males were detected singing along a 500 meter transect. This finding represents the population of the healthiest Sierra Madre Sparrow currently known, so it would be necessary to document their population trend over time. This information can help to evaluate and propose the creation of a special protection area for the species that involves joint government actions and ejidatarios tending to conserve the habitat during the reproductive season in order to increase and / or maintain the size of the population.

Resumen El gorrión serrano (Xenospiza baileyi) es una especie endémica de México y se encuentra en peligro de extinción. Su distribución se reporta en dos áreas: Una en el Cinturón Transvolcánico del centro de México (La Cima) cerca de la Ciudad de México y la otra en la Sierra Madre Occidental en el noroeste de México (Ejido Ojo de Agua El Cazador) cerca de la ciudad de Durango, en el estado de Durango. El hábitat es el mismo en estas dos áreas, y consiste en pastizales amacollados subalpinos que se localizan en valles poco profundos o bajíos. En nuestro caso, “El Bajío la Cantera” de aproximadamente 55 Has de superficie, es usado mayormente en la agricultura de temporal, protegida del pastoreo del ganado con cerco de alambre, que a su vez representa protección para los remanentes de pastizal amacollado donde están las aves. “El Bajío la Cantera” pertenece al Ejido 12 de Mayo, Municipio de San Dimas, Durango, donde se detectaron 28 machos cantando a lo largo de un transecto de 500 metros. Este hallazgo representa la población de Gorrión serrano más saludable actualmente conocida, por lo que sería necesario documentar su tendencia poblacional a través del tiempo. Esta información puede ayudar a evaluar y proponer la creación de un área de protección especial para la especie que involucre acciones conjuntas de gobierno y ejidatarios tendientes a conservar el hábitat durante la época reproductiva para lograr aumentar y/o mantener el tamaño de la población.

Abstract The record of the aberrations in the plumage coloration in birds is important because allow to know the frequency and conditions with which they occur in the wild populations, which improves the knowledge in the subject. We report two specimens of white-fronted goose (Anser albifrons) with partial leucism in Los Alamos, a wetland in Durango municipality, Mexico, 25 km northeast of Durango City. No isolation was observed in the observed individuals, being part of a flock of specimens of the same species with normal coloration, which was an interesting condition of this report. This is the first record of leucism for this species in Mexico.

Resumen El registro de las aberraciones en la coloración del plumaje en aves es importante porque permite conocer la frecuencia y las condiciones en que esto ocurre en las poblaciones silvestres, lo cual contribuye en el conocimiento de este tema. Para el caso particular en este estudio, se reporta la observación de dos ejemplares de ganso frente blanca (Anser albifrons), con leucismo parcial, en el humedal de Los Álamos, municipio de Durango, México, a 25 km al noreste de la ciudad de Durango. No se observó aislamiento en los individuos observados, pues formaban parte de una parvada de ejemplares de la misma especie con coloración normal, lo cual resultó de gran valor en este reporte. Éste es el primer registro de leucismo para esta especie en México.